| 简介： | Many technology products are based on technology standards that require the use of patents. This paper studies the design of competing standards in industries with positive network effects where the relevant network can be either industry-wide when standards are compatible (e.g., mobile phone standards) or standard-specific when standards are incompatible (e.g., video game consoles). In a three-stage model, standards choose how many patent holders to certify and patent holders then set royalties for using their own patents. I find that competing standards have incentives to soften the price competition among them through fragmenting their patent rights. Nevertheless, the degree of fragmentation is lessened when the competition among standards becomes more intense. Moreover, compatibility and network effects among standards also affect the incentives to fragment patent rights. These results provide alternative explanations to as why standards in many high-technology industries adopt highly fragmented patent rights structure. |