| 简介： | We develop a model of non-cooperative multi-layer network formation where players choose among two platforms (layers) but may -at an additional cost- also use both. Players may only form costly links to others who are on the same platform. The resulting network enables access to non-rival benefits of directly and indirectly connected players. We characterize the equilibrium network configurations and argue that platforms can co-exist as some players - so-called interconnectors- find it worthwhile to use multiple platforms, thus relaying benefits to those who only use one. We further study horizontally differentiated platforms and discuss applications such as trading standards, languages and social media services. |